Chapter Five Concept 5.4

horses have hoofs and fur which are made out of protein

Proteins perform most functions in cells.

The Functions of Proteins:

Protein: a polymer constructed to form a set of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids.

-proteins functions organisms.       

            +hair, fur, make up muscles, nutrient storages, etc.

-less invisible functions: defend the body from microorganisms.

Amino Acids: 

Amino Acid: monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups. 

-consists of central carbon atom bonded to four partners.

-three central carbon's partners are the same.

-partners: hydrogen atom, carboxyl group and amino group and functional group.

-"side group" attaches to the fourth bad of central carbon.

-side groups: leucine and hydrocarbon.

-region of leucine is hydrophobic.

Building a Protein:

-cells create proteins by linking amino acids together.

Polypeptide: proteins by linking amino acids together in a chain.

-  each link is created by dehydration reaction between amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group.

-body can make up many varieties of proteins.

-at-least 100 amino acids , 20 choices.

Protein shape:

-simple form of amino to function properly.

-functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides to form a unique shape.

-protein's shape in influenced by the environment.

- water attracts hydrophilic side and rejects hydrophobic ones.

-change in temperature, pH can lose or unravel a protein.

Denaturation: loss of normal shape of a protein to do heat or other environmental factors.

eg.) egg white changes from transparent to white.

-heating unfolds proteins.

-hot molecules collide with enough force to depends on its shape.

Concept Check 5.4:

1. Give at-least two examples of proteins you can "see" in the world around you. What are their functions? 

Hair and fur, which both fall under the same category is a protein that is important for protection of your own body and also for senses so you can feel. Hair and fur also gets danger away from you (fact: your eyelashes/hair grow longer when there is more pollution) Nails and hooves are also important for you so they can hold the finger, foot in place, and kind of acts like a bone. 

2. Relate amino acids, polypeptides and proteins.

Polypeptides and proteins are all amino acids. Polypeptides are proteins linked by amino acids, and proteins are constructed from amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of these materials. 

3. Explain how heat can destroy a protein.

Like the egg white, denaturation occurs when there is an irregular occurrence or change in the environment which causes the protein to unravel or lose its shape. 

4. Which parts of an amino acid's structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique?

They all have central carbon atoms bonded to a side group and are all part of an amino acid structure.